Encuesta sobre la broncoscopia en los hospitales públicos de la Comunidad de Madrid y de Guadalajara: situación actual / No disponible

Introducción: La broncoscopia es una técnica de gran utilidad en el estudio y tratamiento de las enfermedades respiratorias. Ha experimentado un avance relevante en los últimas décadas con el desarrollo de nuevos dispositivos y procedimientos. La incorporación de estas nuevas técnicas ha sido paulatina y, de forma asimétrica, en los diferentes centros dependiendo de su complejidad, demanda y recursos. El Grupo de Trabajo de Técnicas y Oncología de Neumomadrid se propuso realizar una encuesta para conocer con exactitud cuál es la situación actual de las técnicas broncoscópicas en la Comunidad de Madrid y Guadalajara. Material y métodos: Se remitió una encuesta a 26 hospitales públicos de la Comunidad de Madrid y de Guadalajara, dirigida a la jefatura de servicios y responsables de broncoscopia de los Servicios de Neumología, Cirugía Torácica, Pediatría y Cirugía Pediátrica sobre la actividad realizada en 2014. Se preguntó por el número aproximado de broncoscopias anuales, especialistas que la realizan, número de broncoscopistas a dedicación parcial y completa, existencia de broncoscopista de guardia, ubicación de la broncoscopia, sedación durante la técnica y especialista que la realiza, disponibilidad de enfermería especializada, especialidad que realiza intubación con broncoscopio y las técnicas intervencionistas disponibles. La encuesta fue respondida mediante correo ordinario y correo electrónico. Resultados: Se realiza broncoscopia en adultos en 25 centros de la Comunidad de Madrid (CAM) y de Guadalajara, con una actividad total de 14.051 broncoscopias al año. El 92% de los centros tienen una sala específica para la realización de broncoscopias. Los neumólogos son los responsables de la broncoscopia flexible (BF) en todos los centros (100%), pero solo en el 28% hay broncoscopista con dedicación completa. La broncoscopia rígida (BR) se realiza en el 32% de los hospitales por neumólogos y en el 32% por cirujanos torácicos, siempre en centros de alta complejidad y en quirófano. Únicamente el 20% de los centros disponen de broncoscopista de guardia. En el 96% de los centros realiza sedación para la broncoscopia flexible, siendo el neumólogo el responsable de la sedación en el 84% de los hospitales. En el 60% de los hospitales se realiza alguna técnica mediante BF, la más extendida es la ecobroncoscopia (EBUS), que está disponible en el 40% de los centros. La experiencia media de los centros que realizan EBUS es de 3,5 años. Con respecto a la broncoscopia pediátrica, en el 40% de los centros en la CAM la realizan. La variabilidad en el nº de broncoscopias flexibles/año es grande, ya que 3 realizan más de 100 y 4 efectúan menos de 10. El nº de broncoscopias rígidas realizadas es significativamente menor que el de flexibles. Tanto especialistas de adultos como pediátricos realizan broncoscopia pediátrica pero estos últimos son los únicos actores en los hospitales infantiles. Los responsables de la sedación/anestesia general son los anestesistas o intensivistas pediátricos por lo que los procedimientos se realizan en el quirófano o en la UCI. Diversas técnicas de broncoscopia terapéutica o intervencionista se han ido incorporando progresivamente a la práctica pediátrica, como el uso de láser e implantación de endoprótesis. Conclusiones: La broncoscopia flexible es una técnica consolidada en los hospitales de la Comunidad de Madrid y de Guadalajara, tanto en hospitales de referencia como de menor complejidad. La broncoscopia intervencionista se realiza, fundamentalmente, en centros de referencia. Los centros de mayor complejidad disponen de personal con dedicación completa a la broncoscopia, a pesar de lo cual, no se dispone de broncoscopista de guardia en todos ellos. La sedación durante la broncoscopia se utiliza de forma rutinaria en la mayoría de los hospitales y la suele realizar el neumólogo en adultos y el anestesista en niños. La EBUS es la técnica broncoscópica de mayor difusión en los hospitales encuestados. La broncoscopia pediátrica se realiza, fundamentalmente, en centros de referencia; la BF pediátrica está en manos de diferentes especialistas con formación específica (cirugía pediátrica, neumólogos pediátricos y de adultos y ORL), mientras la BR pediátrica se realiza, en su mayoría, por cirujanos pediátricos

Introduction: Bronchoscopy is a useful technique in the study and treatment of respiratory diseases. It has experienced a significant progress in recent decades with the development of new devices and procedures. The incorporation of these new techniques has been done gradually and asymmetrically at different locations depending on their complexity, demand and resources. Neumomadrid Techniques and Oncology Workgroup proposed a survey to know exactly what the current situation of bronchoscopic techniques in Autonomous Community of Madrid and Guadalajara is. Methods: A survey was sent to 26 public hospitals in the Autonomous Community of Madrid and Guadalajara addressed to the head of service and responsible for bronchoscopy (Pneumology, Thoracic Surgery, Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery Services) about their activity in 2014. The questionnaire included the approximate number of annual bronchoscopies, the specialists who perform them, the bronchoscopists half-time and full time employed and bronchoscopist on call, the allocation of the bronchoscopy room and whether sedation during the technique is performed, the specialist who would perform sedation, the availability of trained nursing, the specialtist who performs bronchoscopic intubation and the available interventional techniques in each center. The survey was answered by regular mail and email. Results: Bronchoscopy is performed on adults in 25 centers in Madrid and Guadalajara, with a total activity of 14,051 bronchoscopy/year. 92% of the centers have a specific room for performing bronchoscopy. Pulmonologists are responsible for flexible bronchoscopy (FB) in every hospital (100%) but only 28% of the centers have full time bronchoscopist. Rigid bronchoscopy (RB) is performed in 32% of hospitals by pulmonologists and 32% by thoracic surgeons, always carried out in high complexity centers and operating theaters. Only 20% of the centers have bronchoscopist on call. The 96% of the centers perform sedation for flexible bronchoscopy; pulmonologist is responsible for sedation in 84% of the hospitals. Advanced FB is performed in 60% of the hospitals, the most widespread technique is the endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) which is available in 40% of the centers. The average experience time of centers performing EBUS is 3.5 years. Pediatric bronchoscopy is performed in 40% of the centers in Madrid. There is a wide variability in the number of FB performed, 3 centers carried out over 100 procedures but 4 done less than 10. There are significantly fewer RB procedures than FB ones. Both adult and pediatric specialists perform pediatric bronchoscopy but pediatric specialists are the only actors in children’s hospitals. Sedation in paediatric patients is performed by anesthesiologists and pediatric intensive care thus the procedures are done in the operating room or Intenseive Care Units. Various techniques of therapeutic or interventional bronchoscopy have been incorporated progressively in pediatric practice such as the use of laser and stenting. Conclusions: Flexible bronchoscopy is an established technique at the hospitals in Madrid and Guadalajara, in referral hospitals as well as in less complex hospitals. Interventional bronchoscopy is performed mainly in referral centers. The high complex centers have full time bronchoscopists, however not all of them have bronchoscopist on call. Sedation during bronchoscopy is routinely used in most of the hospitals and is usually performed by pulmonologist in adults and by anesthesiologist in children. EBUS is the most widely used advanced bronchoscopic technique in surveyed hospitals. Pediatric bronchoscopy is performed mainly in referral centers; pediatric FB is held by different specialists with specific training for it (pediatric surgery, pediatric and adult pulmonologists and ENT) while pediatric RB is done mostly by pediatric surgeons

Atypical locations of pulmonary tuberculosis and the influence of the roentgenographic patterns and sample type in its diagnosis.

In 97 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), we analyzed the incidence of atypical roentgenographic locations, roentgenographic patterns, the correlation between the diagnostic yield and the roentgenographic pattern and the usefulness of simple or induced sputum (82 cases), bronchoaspirate (BAS; 29 cases), postfiberoptic bronchoscopy sputum (PFBS; 16 cases) and how the different tests supplemented each other. Atypical locations were defined as those not corresponding to classic primary and postprimary PTB. This atypical-location PTB index was 8.2%, and roentgenographic patterns found most frequently were: destructive 52.5%, destructive-alveolar 20.6% and alveolar 12.3%. Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture of the sputum of alveolar-pattern cases improved acid-fast bacillus (AFB) diagnosis by 46% (p < 0.005), in contrast to other radiologic patterns. Simple or induced sputum proved to be a very good diagnostic specimen in 98% of the cases (AFB staining 73.1% and LJ culture 89%). BAS increased the sputum yield by 21% and PFBS contributed only 1 additional case to the results obtained with BAS. Therefore, BAS is a very good supplemental test in cases of false-negative findings.

[An epidemiological study on the relations of patients with hydatid disease. A high-risk population?]. / Estudio epidemiológico en familiares de pacientes con enfermedad hidatídica. Población de alto riesgo?

A serological study was undertaken by means of indirect hemagglutination (IHA) in 57 households of eleven patients with confirmed pulmonary hydatidosis (by serology and surgical procedure). Serum samples from 40 blood donors were used as control group. The IHA positivity rates were 90.8%, 40.3% (23/57) and 2.5% (1/40) in patients with hydatidosis, households of these patients and blood donors (control group). Hydatidosis was confirmed in 4 out of 23 cases of IHA positive households. The high incidence by IHA in households living with patients with hydatid disease can be a good screening parameter to identify a high-risk asymptomatic population carrying the disease at an early phase.

[Therapeutic alternatives in complicated nonsurgical pulmonary aspergillomas]. / Alternativa terapéutica para los aspergilomas pulmonares complicados no quirúrgicos.

We present 2 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma complicated by massive hemoptysis who were not good candidates for surgery and were treated with intracavitary amphotericin B after arterial embolization failed. In spite of the size of the mycetomas, response to treatment was excellent with full regression of the aspergilloma after 3 to 4 weeks; precipitins to Aspergillus fumigatus became negative and the fungus disappeared from transcatheter aspirate samples. Massive hemoptysis was controlled with epsilon-amino-caproic acid instilled by catheter. No complications were observed, the treatment was well tolerated and no recurrence occurred over a follow-up period of 24 and 18 months, respectively. This local treatment is the best therapeutic alternative for patients with pulmonary aspergilloma who are not candidates for surgery.